{"id":987,"date":"2017-01-13T22:13:59","date_gmt":"2017-01-13T22:13:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/?p=987"},"modified":"2017-01-13T22:13:59","modified_gmt":"2017-01-13T22:13:59","slug":"tonkin-gulf-resolution-1964","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/?p=987","title":{"rendered":"Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n<!--\np {\n\tfont-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n\tfont-size: 12px;\n\tline-height: 16px;\n\tmargin: 0px 0px 10px 0px;\n\tpadding: 0px;\n}\n\nh1 {\n\tfont-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;\n\tfont-size: 17px;\n\tline-height: 20px;\n\tfont-weight: bold;\n\tmargin: 0px 0px 10px 0px;\n\tpadding: 0px;\n}\n\n-->\n<\/style>\n<a name=\"wptoc_0_0_0\"><\/a><h1><span style=\"font-family: 'Old English Text MT'; font-size: 300%;\"><b>Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n<a name=\"wptoc_0_0_1\"><\/a><h1><\/h1>\n<a name=\"wptoc_0_0_2\"><\/a><h1><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">On August 4, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson announced that two days earlier, U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin had been attacked by the North Vietnamese. Johnson dispatched U.S. planes against the attackers and asked Congress to pass a resolution to support his actions. The joint resolution \u201cto promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia\u201d passed on August 7, with <a>only two Senators<\/a> (Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening) dissenting, and became the subject of great political controversy in the course of the undeclared war that followed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The Tonkin Gulf Resolution stated that \u201cCongress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repeal any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent any further aggression.\u201d As a result, President Johnson, and later President Nixon, relied on the resolution as the legal basis for their military policies in Vietnam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As public resistance to the war heightened, the resolution was repealed by Congress in January 1971.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Erickson\/Documents\/My%20Webs\/mathwise\/images\/Document_Images\/Tonkin_Gulf_Resolution1_1964.bmp\" width=\"500\" height=\"751\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/Erickson\/Documents\/My%20Webs\/mathwise\/images\/Document_Images\/Tonkin_Gulf_Resolution2_1964.bmp\" width=\"500\" height=\"2710\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<a name=\"wptoc_0_0_3\"><\/a><h1><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Transcript of Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><b><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Eighty-eighth Congress of the United States of America<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><br \/>\nAT THE SECOND SESSION<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the seventh day of January, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-four<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Joint Resolution<br \/>\nTo promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Whereas naval units of the Communist regime in Vietnam, in violation of the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of international law, have deliberately and repeatedly attacked United Stated naval vessels lawfully present in international waters, and have thereby created a serious threat to international peace; and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Whereas these attackers are part of deliberate and systematic campaign of aggression that the Communist regime in North Vietnam has been waging against its neighbors and the nations joined with them in the collective defense of their freedom; and<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Whereas the United States is assisting the peoples of southeast Asia to protest their freedom and has no territorial, military or political ambitions in that area, but desires only that these people should be left in peace to work out their destinies in their own way: Now, therefore be it<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">That the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Section 2. The United States regards as vital to its national interest and to world peace the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. Consonant with the Constitution of the United States and the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with its obligations under the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, the United States is, therefore, prepared, as the President determines, to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Section 3. This resolution shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise, except that it may be terminated earlier by concurrent resolution of the Congress. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">[endorsements]<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964) Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964) On August 4, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson announced that two days earlier, U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin had been attacked by the North Vietnamese. Johnson dispatched U.S. planes against the attackers and asked Congress to pass a resolution to support his actions. The joint resolution &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/?p=987\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/987","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=987"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/987\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":988,"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/987\/revisions\/988"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=987"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=987"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/mathwise.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=987"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}